SpringBoot与Web开发入门

1、简介

使用SpringBoot;

1)、创建SpringBoot应用,选中我们需要的场景模块;

2)、SpringBoot已经默认将这些场景配置好了,只需要在配置文件中指定少量配置就可以运行起来

3)、自己编写业务代码;

自动配置原理:
这个场景SpringBoot帮我们配置了什么?能不能修改?能修改哪些配置?能不能扩展?xxx

xxxxAutoConfiguration:帮我们给容器中自动配置组件;
xxxxProperties:配置类来封装配置文件的内容;

2、SpringBoot对静态资源的映射规则;

1
2
3
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "spring.resources", ignoreUnknownFields = false)
public class ResourceProperties implements ResourceLoaderAware {
//可以设置和静态资源有关的参数,缓存时间等

这个类WebMvcAuotConfiguration:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
org\springframework\boot\autoconfigure\web\servlet\WebMvcAutoConfiguration.java

@Override
public void addResourceHandlers(ResourceHandlerRegistry registry) {
if (!this.resourceProperties.isAddMappings()) {
logger.debug("Default resource handling disabled");
return;
}
Integer cachePeriod = this.resourceProperties.getCachePeriod();
if (!registry.hasMappingForPattern("/webjars/**")) {
customizeResourceHandlerRegistration(
registry.addResourceHandler("/webjars/**")
.addResourceLocations(
"classpath:/META-INF/resources/webjars/")
.setCachePeriod(cachePeriod));
}
String staticPathPattern = this.mvcProperties.getStaticPathPattern();
// 静态资源文件夹映射
if (!registry.hasMappingForPattern(staticPathPattern)) {
customizeResourceHandlerRegistration(
registry.addResourceHandler(staticPathPattern)
.addResourceLocations(
this.resourceProperties.getStaticLocations())
.setCachePeriod(cachePeriod));
}
}

// 配置欢迎页映射
@Bean
public WelcomePageHandlerMapping welcomePageHandlerMapping(
ResourceProperties resourceProperties) {
return new WelcomePageHandlerMapping(resourceProperties.getWelcomePage(),
this.mvcProperties.getStaticPathPattern());
}

// 配置喜欢的图标
@Configuration
@ConditionalOnProperty(value = "spring.mvc.favicon.enabled", matchIfMissing = true)
public static class FaviconConfiguration {

private final ResourceProperties resourceProperties;

public FaviconConfiguration(ResourceProperties resourceProperties) {
this.resourceProperties = resourceProperties;
}

@Bean
public SimpleUrlHandlerMapping faviconHandlerMapping() {
SimpleUrlHandlerMapping mapping = new SimpleUrlHandlerMapping();
mapping.setOrder(Ordered.HIGHEST_PRECEDENCE + 1);
// 所有 **/favicon.ico
mapping.setUrlMap(Collections.singletonMap("**/favicon.ico",
faviconRequestHandler()));
return mapping;
}

@Bean
public ResourceHttpRequestHandler faviconRequestHandler() {
ResourceHttpRequestHandler requestHandler = new ResourceHttpRequestHandler();
requestHandler
.setLocations(this.resourceProperties.getFaviconLocations());
return requestHandler;
}

}

1)、所有 /webjars/** ,都去 classpath:/META-INF/resources/webjars/ 找资源;

​ webjars:以jar包的方式引入静态资源;

参考: http://www.webjars.org/

Image text
访问地址:
localhost:8080/webjars/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.js

在访问的时候只需要写webjars下面资源的名称即可
1
2
3
4
5
<dependency>
<groupId>org.webjars</groupId>
<artifactId>jquery</artifactId>
<version>3.3.1</version>
</dependency>

2)、”/**” 访问当前项目的任何资源,都去(静态资源的文件夹)找映射

1
2
3
4
5
"classpath:/META-INF/resources/", 
"classpath:/resources/",
"classpath:/static/",
"classpath:/public/"
"/":当前项目的根路径

localhost:8080/abc === 去静态资源文件夹里面找abc

3)、欢迎页; 静态资源文件夹下的所有index.html页面;被”/**”映射;

​ localhost:8080/ 找index页面

4)、所有的 **/favicon.ico 都是在静态资源文件下找;
注:在配置文件中改变静态资源的访问路径后,原来默认的静态资源访问路径就不可以访问了。

3、模板引擎
新建项目如果是jar包,并且使用嵌入式的tomacat,则不支持jsp。

模板引擎:JSP、Velocity、Freemarker、Thymeleaf
Image text

SpringBoot推荐的Thymeleaf;
语法更简单,功能更强大;

1、引入thymeleaf;

thymeleaf官网:https://www.thymeleaf.org/

1
2
3
4
5
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf</artifactId>
//2.1.6版本太低
</dependency>

切换thymeleaf版本

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
<properties>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
<!-- 布局功能的支持程序 thymeleaf3主程序 layout2以上版本 -->
<!-- thymeleaf2 layout1-->
<thymeleaf-spring5.version>3.0.9.RELEASE</thymeleaf-spring5.version>
<thymeleaf-layout-dialect.version>2.2.2</thymeleaf-layout-dialect.version>
</properties>

2、Thymeleaf使用

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "spring.thymeleaf")
public class ThymeleafProperties {

private static final Charset DEFAULT_ENCODING = Charset.forName("UTF-8");

private static final MimeType DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE = MimeType.valueOf("text/html");

public static final String DEFAULT_PREFIX = "classpath:/templates/";

public static final String DEFAULT_SUFFIX = ".html";
//
只要我们把HTML页面放在classpath:/templates/,thymeleaf就能自动渲染;

使用:

1、导入thymeleaf的名称空间

1
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">

2、使用thymeleaf语法;

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>成功!</h1>
<!--th:text 将div里面的文本内容设置为 -->
<div th:text="${hello}">这是显示欢迎信息</div>
</body>
</html>

3、语法规则

1)、th:text;改变当前元素里面的文本内容;

​ th:任意html属性;来替换原生属性的值
Image text

2)、表达式

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
Simple expressions:(表达式语法)
a. Variable Expressions: ${...}:获取变量值;OGNL;
1)、获取对象的属性、调用方法
2)、使用内置的基本对象:
#ctx : the context object.
#vars: the context variables.
#locale : the context locale.
#request : (only in Web Contexts) the HttpServletRequest object.
#response : (only in Web Contexts) the HttpServletResponse object.
#session : (only in Web Contexts) the HttpSession object.
#servletContext : (only in Web Contexts) the ServletContext object.
${session.foo}
3)、内置的一些工具对象:
#execInfo : information about the template being processed.
#messages : methods for obtaining externalized messages inside variables expressions,
# in the same way as they would be obtained using #{…} syntax.
#uris : methods for escaping parts of URLs/URIs
#conversions : methods for executing the configured conversion service (if any).
#dates : methods for java.util.Date objects: formatting, component extraction, etc.
#calendars : analogous to #dates , but for java.util.Calendar objects.
#numbers : methods for formatting numeric objects.
#strings : methods for String objects: contains, startsWith, prepending/appending, etc.
#objects : methods for objects in general.
#bools : methods for boolean evaluation.
#arrays : methods for arrays.
#lists : methods for lists.
#sets : methods for sets.
#maps : methods for maps.
#aggregates : methods for creating aggregates on arrays or collections.
#ids : methods for dealing with id attributes that might be repeated (for example, as a result of an iteration).

b. Selection Variable Expressions: *{...}:选择表达式:和${}在功能上是一样;
补充:配合 th:object="${session.user}:
<div th:object="${session.user}">
<p>Name: <span th:text="*{firstName}">Sebastian</span>.</p>
<p>Surname: <span th:text="*{lastName}">Pepper</span>.</p>
<p>Nationality: <span th:text="*{nationality}">Saturn</span>.</p>
</div>

c. Message Expressions: #{...}:获取国际化内容
d. Link URL Expressions: @{...}:定义URL;
@{/order/process(execId=${execId},execType='FAST')}
f. Fragment Expressions: ~{...}:片段引用表达式
<div th:insert="~{commons :: main}">...</div>

Literals(字面量)
Text literals: 'one text' , 'Another one!' ,…
Number literals: 0 , 34 , 3.0 , 12.3 ,…
Boolean literals: true , false
Null literal: null
Literal tokens: one , sometext , main ,…
Text operations:(文本操作)
String concatenation: +
Literal substitutions: |The name is ${name}|
Arithmetic operations:(数学运算)
Binary operators: + , - , * , / , %
Minus sign (unary operator): -
Boolean operations:(布尔运算)
Binary operators: and , or
Boolean negation (unary operator): ! , not
Comparisons and equality:(比较运算)
Comparators: > , < , >= , <= ( gt , lt , ge , le )
Equality operators: == , != ( eq , ne )
Conditional operators:条件运算(三元运算符)
If-then: (if) ? (then)
If-then-else: (if) ? (then) : (else)
Default: (value) ?: (defaultvalue)
Special tokens:
No-Operation: _

4、SpringMVC自动配置

https://docs.spring.io/spring-boot/docs/1.5.10.RELEASE/reference/htmlsingle/#boot-features-developing-web-applications

  1. Spring MVC auto-configuration

Spring Boot 自动配置好了SpringMVC

以下是SpringBoot对SpringMVC的默认配置:(WebMvcAutoConfiguration)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Inclusion of ContentNegotiatingViewResolver and BeanNameViewResolver beans.
自动配置了ViewResolver(视图解析器:根据方法的返回值得到视图对象(View),视图对象决定如何渲染(转发或重定向页面))
ContentNegotiatingViewResolver:组合所有的视图解析器的;
如何定制:我们可以自己给容器中添加一个视图解析器;自动的将其组合进来;

Support for serving static resources, including support for WebJars (see below).静态资源文件夹路径,webjars

Static index.html support. 静态首页访问

Custom Favicon support (see below). favicon.ico

自动注册了 of Converter, GenericConverter, Formatter beans.

Converter:转换器; public String hello(User user):类型转换使用Converter
Formatter 格式化器; 2017.12.17===Date;

配置格式化器

1
2
3
4
5
@Bean
@ConditionalOnProperty(prefix = "spring.mvc", name = "date-format")//在文件中配置日期格式化的规则
public Formatter<Date> dateFormatter() {
return new DateFormatter(this.mvcProperties.getDateFormat());//日期格式化组件
}

注:自己添加的格式化器转换器,我们只需要放在容器中即可

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Support for HttpMessageConverters (see below).//消息转换器
HttpMessageConverter:SpringMVC用来转换Http请求和响应的;User---Json;
HttpMessageConverters 是从容器中确定;获取所有的HttpMessageConverter;
自己给容器中添加HttpMessageConverter,只需要将自己的组件注册容器中(@Bean,@Component)


Automatic registration of MessageCodesResolver (see below).定义错误代码生成规则

Automatic use of a ConfigurableWebBindingInitializer bean (see below).
我们可以配置一个ConfigurableWebBindingInitializer来替换默认的;(添加到容器)
作用:
初始化WebDataBinder;
请求数据=====JavaBean;

在springboot的org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web包中:有web的所有自动配置场景;
Image text

2、扩展SpringMVC
1、方法:
If you want to keep Spring Boot MVC features, and you just want to add additional MVC configuration (interceptors, formatters, view controllers etc.) you can add your own @Configuration class of type WebMvcConfigurerAdapter, but without @EnableWebMvc. If you wish to provide custom instances of RequestMappingHandlerMapping, RequestMappingHandlerAdapter or ExceptionHandlerExceptionResolver you can declare a WebMvcRegistrationsAdapter instance providing such components.

If you want to take complete control of Spring MVC, you can add your own @Configuration annotated with @EnableWebMvc.

2、扩展

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
<mvc:view-controller path="/hello" view-name="success"/>
<mvc:interceptors>//拦截器
<mvc:interceptor>
<mvc:mapping path="/hello"/>
<bean></bean>
</mvc:interceptor>
</mvc:interceptors>

编写一个配置类(@Configuration),是WebMvcConfigurerAdapter类型;不能标注@EnableWebMvc;

既保留了所有的自动配置,也能用我们扩展的配置;

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
/**
* @Author: cuzz
* @Date: 2018/9/21 14:29
* @Description:
*/
@Configuration
// WebMvcConfigurerAdapter过时,使用WebMvcConfigurer接口
public class MyMvcConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {
@Override
public void addViewControllers(ViewControllerRegistry registry) {
// 浏览器发送 /cuzz 请求来到 success
registry.addViewController("/cuzz").setViewName("success");
}
}

原理:

​ 1)、WebMvcAutoConfiguration是SpringMVC的自动配置类

​ 2)、在做其他自动配置时会导入;@Import(EnableWebMvcConfiguration.class)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
   @Configuration
public static class EnableWebMvcConfiguration extends DelegatingWebMvcConfiguration {
private final WebMvcConfigurerComposite configurers = new WebMvcConfigurerComposite();

//从容器中获取所有的WebMvcConfigurer
@Autowired(required = false)
public void setConfigurers(List<WebMvcConfigurer> configurers) {
if (!CollectionUtils.isEmpty(configurers)) {
this.configurers.addWebMvcConfigurers(configurers);
//一个参考实现;将所有的WebMvcConfigurer相关配置都来一起调用;
@Override
// public void addViewControllers(ViewControllerRegistry registry) {
// for (WebMvcConfigurer delegate : this.delegates) {
// delegate.addViewControllers(registry);
// }
}
}
}

​ 3)、容器中所有的WebMvcConfigurer都会一起起作用;

​ 4)、我们的配置类也会被调用;

​ 效果:SpringMVC的自动配置和我们的扩展配置都会起作用;

3、全面接管SpringMVC;

SpringBoot对SpringMVC的自动配置不需要了,所有都是我们自己配置;所有的SpringMVC的自动配置都失效了

我们需要在配置类中添加@EnableWebMvc即可;

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
//使用WebMvcConfigurerAdapter可以来扩展SpringMVC的功能
@EnableWebMvc
@Configuration
public class MyMvcConfig extends WebMvcConfigurerAdapter {

@Override
public void addViewControllers(ViewControllerRegistry registry) {
// super.addViewControllers(registry);
//浏览器发送 /atguigu 请求来到 success
registry.addViewController("/atguigu").setViewName("success");
}
}

原理:

为什么@EnableWebMvc自动配置就失效了;

1)@EnableWebMvc的核心

1
2
@Import(DelegatingWebMvcConfiguration.class)
public @interface EnableWebMvc {

2)、

1
2
@Configuration
public class DelegatingWebMvcConfiguration extends WebMvcConfigurationSupport {

3)、

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
@Configuration
@ConditionalOnWebApplication
@ConditionalOnClass({ Servlet.class, DispatcherServlet.class,
WebMvcConfigurerAdapter.class })
// 容器中没有这个组件的时候,这个自动配置类才生效
@ConditionalOnMissingBean(WebMvcConfigurationSupport.class)
@AutoConfigureOrder(Ordered.HIGHEST_PRECEDENCE + 10)
@AutoConfigureAfter({ DispatcherServletAutoConfiguration.class,
ValidationAutoConfiguration.class })
public class WebMvcAutoConfiguration {

4)、@EnableWebMvc将WebMvcConfigurationSupport组件导入进来;配置类自动失效

5)、导入的WebMvcConfigurationSupport只是SpringMVC最基本的功能;

5、如何修改SpringBoot的默认配置

模式:

​ 1)、SpringBoot在自动配置很多组件的时候,先看容器中有没有用户自己配置的(@Bean、@Component)如果有就用用户配置的,如果没有,才自动配置;如果有些组件可以有多个(ViewResolver)将用户配置的和自己默认的组合起来;

​ 2)、在SpringBoot中会有非常多的xxxConfigurer帮助我们进行扩展配置

​ 3)、在SpringBoot中会有很多的xxxCustomizer帮助我们进行定制配置